Does the food packaging from your favorite fast food or fast casual restaurant contain toxic PFAS “forever chemicals?” These chemicals can make your meal more toxic and may take decades to break down in your body. This was exactly the worry Mamavation community members had when they asked us about which restaurants had the safest food packaging.
Fast food happens and we want to help you navigate that. You’ve trusted Mamavation to cover topics like safest cookware sans PFAS “forever chemicals,” safest yoga pants sans PFAS in the crotch, and safest water filters to remove PFAS, now join us for another consumer study on the safest food packaging by the restaurant.
Disclosure: This consumer study is released in partnership with Environmental Health News and BoldTV.
Scientific reviews were performed by (1) Terrence Collins, Teresa Heinz Professor of Green Chemistry and Director of the Institute for Green Sciences at Carnegie Mellon University, (2) Linda S. Birnbaum, Scientist Emeritus and Former Director of the National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences and National Toxicology Program and Scholar at Residence at Duke University, North Carolina University, and Yale University, (3) Pete Myers, Chief Scientist at Environmental Health Sciences, Adjunct Professor of Chemistry at Carnegie Mellon University, and co-author of Our Stolen Future, and (4) Scott Belcher, Associate Professor with the Center for Environmental and Health Effects of PFAS at North Carolina State University.
This post was medically reviewed by Sondra Strand, RN, BSN, PHN. Donations were provided by Environmental Health News and Mamavation community members. Mamavation has only “spot-checked” the industry and thus we cannot make predictions about brands and products that we have not tested. Products and manufacturing aides can change without notice so buyer beware.
This post contains affiliate links, with some to Amazon, which means Mamavation will receive a portion of those sales and we will use that to pay ourselves back for the testing. You can also give a tax-deductible donation to our consumer studies here through Environmental Health Sciences. Click “yes” when asked if the gift is in honor of someone and type “Mamavation.” Thank you!
Mamavation Finds PFAS ‘Forever Chemicals’ in Fast Food and Casual Packaging Across California
Mamavation sent 81 pieces of fast food and fast casual food packaging off to an EPA-certified lab to test for indications of PFAS “forever chemicals.” PFAS are per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances that have been used for many decades as stain-resistant, oil-resistant, grease-resistant, and water-resistant chemicals in commerce.
PFAS is found in many areas of our homes with some examples being cookware, makeup, drinking water, contact lenses and dental floss. These chemicals are linked to serious health effects, which we will discuss later.
Because PFAS are so toxic, Mamavation has commissioned our own scientific studies on indications of PFAS “forever chemicals” to make recommendations on fast food and fast casual restaurants with safer packaging.
These tests were also done during a very special time when a new California food packaging law came online — AB 1200. AB 1200 banned PFAS in food packaging starting January 1, 2023. Mamavation tested packaging before and after this to ensure compliance and report back to our community. Here’s what we found during our investigation:
• 35% of the pieces of food packaging that were sent to our testing laboratory had indications of PFAS “forever chemicals,” whereas 65% of the packaging was non-detect. We tested a total of 81 pieces of fast food and fast casual packaging.
• Out of the 32 fast food and fast casual brands that were tested inside California, about 38% of them had indications of PFAS “forever chemicals” inside their packaging, which was 12 brands.
• Ranges of organic fluorine reported by the laboratory ranged from 10 ppm to 469 ppm. Technically the law states that no “intentional” PFAS can be present, but it also calls out 100 ppm as the maximum allowed if unintentional.
• Although California passed AB 1200 into law banning “intentional” PFAS in food packaging, we are still seeing about 35% detections above 10 ppm, which is the detection level. Is this outside the law?
It’s unclear and therefore we are in support of new legislation from Assemblymember Ting’s office (AB 347) that would add much needed enforcement on this issue in the State of California. As concerned parents, we are calling upon legislators to pass and Governor Newsome to sign AB 347 into law. (Or something similar soon!)
Linda S. Birnbaum, Scientist Emeritus and Former Director of the National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences and National Toxicology Program and Adjunct Professor at Duke University, University of North Carolina, and Yale University, said, “Fast food packaging is one of the main ways that consumers are continuously exposed to PFAS chemicals.
We support States that pass legislation to curtail these problems, but we worry that brands may have just moved their more toxic packaging to other states that allow it. So the next step here to protect consumers would be federal legislation banning PFAS in food packaging so that all states comply. This is essential to protect the public.”
PFAS Is Problematic to Human Health and Can Last for Decades in Your Body
Toxic PFAS chemicals are useful giving us stain repellency, grease repellency, and water repellency, so it’s no wonder they are used in food packaging. However, they are also very problematic to the environment and human health. PFAS chemicals are ubiquitous, persistent, and toxic. Many of these PFAS chemicals can last for years or even decades in our bodies.
Pregnant women and children are the most vulnerable to the effects of toxic chemicals in the environment, like PFAS. The development of a child can be disrupted by toxic chemicals that mimic natural hormones in such a way that are permanent and profound.
Therefore, it’s imperative to reduce the amount of PFAS your children are exposed to from food, water, and consumer products. Mamavation is dedicated to helping you do that. Here are some of the health effects of different PFAS “forever chemicals:”
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Reduction in immunity |
Reduced vaccination response |
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Increased risk of allergies and asthma in young children |
Affected growth, learning, and behavior of infants and older children |
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Increase cholesterol levels |
Metabolic diseases like obesity and diabetes |
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Cardiovascular disease |
Lowered a woman’s chance of getting pregnant |
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Lowered male fertility |
Increased risk of kidney and testicular cancers |
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Causes endocrine disruption |
Disrupted normal thyroid function |
It’s also very clear based on biomonitoring evidence from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) that PFAS are in essentially all Americans. Therefore, these impacts can harm most Americans.
Pete Myers, Chief Scientist at Environmental Health Sciences, Adjunct Professor of Chemistry at Carnegie Mellon University, and co-author of Our Stolen Future had this to say: “I can’t imagine that any American remotely familiar with the harmful effects of PFAS chemicals gave the companies selling fast food in PFAS-contaminated food packaging permission to add PFAS to their products.
Yet that’s what is happening! And that means these chemicals are in us and our children and grandchildren.”
What Is PFAS Doing in My Hamburger Wrapper and Who Is in Charge of Removing It?
PFAS “forever chemicals” have been used for decades in fast food and fast casual packaging because of their grease-resistant and water-resistant qualities. However, because of their persistence and omnipresence, this widespread contamination of PFAS will cost taxpayers billions to clean up from drinking water and soil.
Have the Feds taken action here yet? The Department of Defense has banned PFAS in Military Meals Read-to-Eat (MREs) which started in 2021. However, most of this change has been state-led.
Because of the persistence of PFAS, several states are taking action to protect citizens from PFAS in food packaging. Maine and Minnesota have adopted a policy to ban all uses of PFAS unless the use is necessary for public health. All told, twelve states have passed legislation to curtail PFAS in food packaging in particular:
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California |
Colorado |
Connecticut |
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Hawaii |
Maine |
Maryland |
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Minnesota |
New York |
Oregon |
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Rhode Island |
Vermont |
Washington |
We did testing to see if California’s new food packaging law is being followed. According to AB 1200, “Regulated perfluoroalkyl and polyfluoroalkyl substances or PFAS” means either of the following: (A) PFAS that a manufacturer has intentionally added to a product and that have a functional or technical effect in the product, including the PFAS components of intentionally added chemicals and PFAS that are intentional breakdown products of an added chemical that also have a functional or technical effect in the product.
(B) The presence of PFAS in a product or product component at or above 100 parts per million, as measured in total organic fluorine.
Mamavation tested and found food packaging products over 100 ppm using the method specified by the California law, which took effect on January 1, 2023. Our results show that specific companies were or still are operating outside this new law. Mamavation will report on who those brands are and all other detections we received from the laboratory.
Terrence Collins, Teresa Heinz Professor of Green Chemistry and Director of the Institute for Green Sciences at Carnegie Mellon University had this to say:
“When we buy food for our families — our spouse, our children, and our grandchildren — we should not have to worry about forever PFAS chemicals.
This is especially true of little ones! Two decades ago, it was known hamburger wraps from McDonald’s were contaminated with more than one part per million of the developmentally disrupting chemical, PFOA, the particularly toxic PFAS compound that is the villainous chemical in Mark Ruffalo’s movie, ‘Dark Waters.’
At that time, it was known that PFOA was a potent developmental disruptor from rodent studies. In fact, at the time, I quietly counseled a DuPont scientist hoping she would do something about it. Yet, here we are decades later with this worry still hanging over us. It is probably not PFOA today inside food wraps, but different ingested PFAS compounds.
However, the same rule applies because they are unlikely to be excreted quickly and very hard to get rid of. The data gap on what they might do to us looks to me to be a bit like the Marianas Trench. In other words, there is A LOT we don’t know. I wish I could stop flinching every time I buy food wrapped in paper with a shiny coating. We need to get beyond this unacceptable risk and ban all PFAS in food packaging.
Food packaging chemicals can show up in other places you would not expect which brings more urgency. Even when ingested PFAS from contaminated food is excreted, some of it likely takes up residence in the bacteria in our sewage treatment plants that grow on the organic matter we excrete.
This becomes ‘biosolids’ that may be spread on farmland. How many magnificent farms will we have to shut down in the future because their owners made the mistake of using this ‘sewage sludge’ fertilizer? PFAS has staying power. It’s now contaminating farmland and meat products. When will new federal regulatory limits become a reality?”
General Tips on How to Avoid PFAS
It’s not possible to avoid all PFAS exposure because it’s so ubiquitous in the environment, however, it’s possible to lessen the amount we are exposed to. Focus your efforts on reducing overall exposure in areas you can control like inside your home. Instead of fretting about the issue, vote with your dollars, share valuable information with friends and family, and let your elected representatives know how you feel about this issue.
Here are some things Mamavation can help you with to lessen the amount of PFAS your family is exposed to:
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Food / Beverages / Water |
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Cookware / Bakeware |
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Personal Care |
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Clothing |
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Bedroom |
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Indoor Air Quality |
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Children’s Products |
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Misc |
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Other Industries Mamavation Has PFAS ‘Forever Chemical’ Consumer Studies
Before we launch into the raw data from our lab, we wanted to remind you about all the other studies we have done on indications of PFAS “forever chemicals” inside the food and consumer products you may bring inside your home.
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Soft contact lenses |
Green beauty makeup |
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Dental floss |
Toilet paper |
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Period underwear |
Tampons |
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Sanitary pads, pantiliners, and incontinence pads |
Powdered electrolytes |
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Butter wrappers |
Pasta and tomato sauces |
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Nut butters (peanut butter, etc.) |
Cooking oils (olive oil, almond oil, canola oil, etc.) |
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Ketchup |
Activewear (yoga pants) |
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Sports bras |
Parchment paper |
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Cupcake liners |
Plastic-free straws |
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Fast food packaging |
Children’s probiotics |
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Kids’ backpacks |
Baby strollers |
Restaurant Brands Planning PFAS-Free Changes to Fast Food Packaging — How Did They Do?
Mamavation was not the first organization to look at indications of PFAS in fast food packaging. Consumer Reports published a similar consumer study on food packaging in 2022.
Based on work from Consumer Reports and our partners at the Mind the Store Campaign, partners of Toxic-Free Future, we’ve seen some great strides in brands making commitments to change their packaging nationwide. Here are some of those brands that have made commitments to clean up their packaging nationwide so far. You’ll note that some of them have done better than others.
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Restaurant Brands International, which owns Burger King, Tim Hortons, and Popeyes, announced plans to phase out these chemicals in its food packaging worldwide by 2025. (We tested Popeyes and Burger King and found detections under 100 ppm, however, we are unaware if these contaminations are intentional.) |
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Chick-fil-A announced a similar commitment to phase out these chemicals in packaging by the end of this summer 2022. Unfortunately, this commitment has disappeared from Twitter, but we have left that link up for you to see. Luckily, they also announced on their site saying they would remove all “intentionally added PFAS.” (We tested them in early 2023 and found issues with their packaging under 100 ppm, however, we are unaware if these contaminations are intentional.) |
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Starbucks announced they will have no PFAS in food packaging by the end of 2022 in the United States and 2023 internationally. (We tested their 2022 end of packaging and the beginning of 2023 and found them to be a little late with this rollout and are unsure if they rolled it out nationwide or just in California first.) |
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McDonald’s announced in 2021 that they would remove PFAS added from “guest packaging materials globally” by 2025. (We tested them in 2022 and 2023 and found issues that were worse in 2022, however, we are unaware if these detections are intentional.) |
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Panera communicated to the Mind the Store campaign they would include “a beyond restricted substances list (BRSL) for food packaging that includes PFAS, bisphenols, and phthalates, and in 2020 the company switched over to PFAS-free baguette bags and eliminated PFAS in almost all to-go food packaging.” (When Mamavation tested, we found some issues but below 100 ppm, so we are unsure if these contaminations are intentional.) |
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Sweetgreen announced in March 2020 they would phase PFAS out of its molded fiber bowls by the end of 2020. (They didn’t. We reached out to them in late 2022 to let them know we found concerning indications of PFAS inside their bowls and were going to publish those results. A few months later, they announced nationwide changes to their bowls. We retested those bowls and they were non-detect in spring 2023.) |
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Taco Bell announced in 2020 that they were going to remove PFAS by 2025. (We tested one of their taco wrappers and it was non-detect!) |
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Wendy’s announced in 2021 they would have all their packaging in the US and Canada PFAS-free by the end of 2021. (We tested a couple of food packaging items and they were all non-detect!) |
Mamavation’s Investigation on Fast Food and Fast Casual Restaurants in Mostly California — Raw Data
Mamavation sent 81 pieces of fast food and fast casual packaging to an EPA-certified lab looking for indications of PFAS “forever chemicals.” The specific lab method used by Mamavation tested for total fluorine by using the Determination of Total Fluorine by Oxygen Flask Combustion and Ion-Selective Electrode.
If detectable total fluorine was observed at a detection level of 10ppm, the lab did the Determination of free Fluoride Ion in the tablet by Ion-Selective Electrode and then subtracted that from the Total Fluorine to determine the amount of organic fluorine.
Organic fluorine testing is marker testing. There are over 15,000 different PFAS chemicals and it’s impossible to identify all of them. In fact, it’s only possible to identify about 100 or so in a really good commercial lab. Therefore, we do marker testing instead looking for the element they all have in common — organic fluorine. What else could organic fluorine possibly contain other than PFAS? Nothing you want to sip from.
The other main possibilities are other fluoropolymers, pharmaceuticals, and common hydrofluorocarbon refrigerants, such as 1,1,1,2-tetrafluoroethane (commonly known as R-134a) and 2,3,3,3-tetrafluoropropene (commonly known as HFO-1234yf). These are also all PFAS.
Scott Belcher, Ph.D. and Associate Professor with the Center for Environmental and Health Effects of PFAS at North Carolina State University says “fluoropolymers, such as polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE), are extremely common forms of PFAS that could be contributing to the organic fluorine found in fast food packaging.
Methods used for detecting individual PFAS, such as PFOA or GenX, cannot directly identify PTFE. However, the analysis of total organic fluorine does account for all PFAS contaminants in fast food packaging, including PTFE. Therefore, this method of testing serves as a good ‘spot-check’ of consumer products, such as food packaging.”
• Not Our Favorite Fast Food and Fast Casual Restaurant Packaging (Yikes!) — Packaging from these restaurants was sent to an EPA-certified laboratory looking for indications of PFAS “forever chemicals” and was found to be above 100 parts per million (ppm) organic fluorine with at least one item. This is the de facto limit in the State of California, the legislation, however, is a bit murky on the exact details and there is zero enforcement as of now.
We know because we took these results to different District Attorneys of different counties in California and nothing happened.
It’s also important to know that even if some brands changed their packaging in California, we are still showing you what we found because we are unsure what these brands have done in other states without this legislation. These five fast food retailers all had at least one product with PFAS levels above the limit set by the new California law after January 1, 2023.
◦ Jack-in-the-Box (burger wrapper) — 310 ppm organic fluorine (result before January 1, 2023). Then burger wrapper was 24 ppm organic fluorine (result after January 1, 2023). Jack-in-the-Box hamburger carton and french fry carton were non-detect organic fluorine before January 1, 2023. We are unsure if this new packaging has been rolled out nationwide.
◦ KFC (bucket of fried chicken) — 343 ppm organic fluorine (result after January 1, 2023). We also tested their biscuit box 15 ppm organic fluorine (result after January 1, 2023).
◦ McDonald’s (Filet-o-fish burger carton) — 233 ppm organic fluorine (results before January 1, 2023), then 16 ppm organic fluorine and 11 ppm organic fluorine in two different counties in California after January 1, 2023. We tested a Big Mac burger carton and got a result of 16 ppm organic fluorine before January 1, 2023.
We tested a French fry carton and got non-detect results before January 1, 2023. Finally, we tested a 10-piece Chicken McNugget box and received a result of non-detect before January 1, 2023. We are unsure if this new packaging has been rolled out nationwide.
◦ Mr. Beast Burger (burger wrapper) — 333 ppm organic fluorine (result after January 1, 2023), 394 ppm organic fluorine (result before January 1, 2023). [Note: We reached out to Mr. Beast before January 1, 2023 a few times (because my kids were fans and begged me to) and did not receive any response.]
◦ Starbucks (sandwich wrapper) — 231 ppm organic fluorine (result after January 1, 2023), 324 ppm organic fluorine (result before January 1, 2023). In addition, we tested their coffee cup with non-detect results and we tested their egg cup wrappers with non-detect results. The latest test of Starbucks’s sandwich wrapper in California in June was non-detect, however, we are unsure what these results would look like nationwide.
• Better Fast Food and Fast Casual Restaurant Packaging (Still Yikes!) — Packaging from these restaurants was sent to an EPA-certified laboratory looking for indications of PFAS “forever chemicals” and was found to have some issues, however, they were not above the action level of California which is around 100 ppm organic fluorine.
These brands may also have had issues before the date of January 1, 2023 and may have “cleaned up” the packaging in California but we are unsure about the rest of the country. Caution would be warranted here. These six retailers had no products that exceeded California standards, but they still had measurable levels of PFAS. They should work harder to keep their products PFAS-free.
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Buffalo Wild Wings (wildwings clamshell) — 40 ppm organic fluorine (updated with additional info August 2024). |
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Burger King (sandwich wrapper) — 61 ppm organic fluorine, chicken sandwich wrapper 14 ppm organic fluorine, and chicken fries box non-detect organic fluorine. |
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California Pizza Kitchen (pizza box) — 14 ppm organic fluorine (results from after January 1, 2023). |
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Chick-Fil-A (sandwich wrappers, french fry box) — 18 ppm organic fluorine from white sandwich wrapper, non-detect organic fluorine from the foil-wrapped sandwich wrapper, 13 ppm from the french fry box. All results after January 1, 2023. |
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El Pollo Loco (tortilla baggie) — 11 ppm organic fluorine (updated with additional info August 2024). |
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Jersey Mikes (sandwich wrapper) — Non-detect organic fluorine for sandwich wrapper, and 12 ppm sandwich tub (California results after January 1, 2023) (updated with additional info August 2024). |
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Panera (sandwich wrapper) — 22 ppm organic fluorine (result after January 1, 2023). Panera sandwich box 19 ppm organic fluorine (result after January 1, 2023). |
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Popeyes (french fries wrapper) — 25 ppm organic fluorine, chicken burger wrapper was 10 ppm, and the Popeye Boat was non-detect (result after January 1, 2023). |
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Studio Movie Grill (EcoSelect popcorn bag) — 67 ppm organic fluorine (updated with additional info August 2024). |
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Universal Studios (wax paper inside donut box) — 80 ppm organic fluorine and donut box was non-detect. |
• Best Fast Food and Fast Casual Restaurant Packaging (*sigh of relief*) — These eighteen fast food retailers had levels of PFAS beneath 10 ppm. We sent packaging from these companies to an EPA-certified laboratory and received non-detect results.
We cannot say they have zero PFAS, but what we can say is PFAS indications were not detected above 10 parts per million (ppm), which is the detection level of the test we are utilizing. These companies would represent the safest food packaging. However, we are not suggesting that the food is great or healthy. We are just analyzing the packaging.
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Arby’s (sandwich wrapper) — Non-detect organic fluorine (California results before January 1, 2023). |
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Carl’s Jr (inner burger wrapper, outer burger wrapper, and french fry box) — Non-detect organic fluorine (California results before January 1, 2023). |
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Chipotle (takeout bowls) — We tested bowls from California before January 1, 2023, and found non-detect results in both the adults’ takeout bowls and the children’s takeout clams. We also tested after January 1, 2023, and the result was also non-detect. |
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Choose My Plate (box tray) from a public elementary school in Ventura County — Non-detect organic fluorine (California results after January 1, 2023). |
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Cold Stone Creamery (golden cake bottom) — Non-detect organic fluorine (California results after January 1, 2023). |
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Cupids Hot Dogs (sandwich wrapper) — Non-detect organic fluorine (California results after January 1, 2023). |
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Daphne’s Green Cafe (clamshell and pita packaging) — Non-detect organic fluorine (California results after January 1, 2023). |
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Dave and Busters (french fry wrapper) — Non-detect organic fluorine (California results after January 1, 2023). |
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Dunkin Donuts (dozen box) — Non-detect organic fluorine (California results after January 1, 2023). |
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In-N-Out Burger (burger wrapper, french fries carton) — Non-detect organic fluorine (California results before January 1, 2023) (We also tested them in 2020 and found some issues which we are happy are not there anymore!). |
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Little Caesars (pizza box) — Non-detect organic fluorine (California results after January 1, 2023). |
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Red Robin (burger wrapper) — Non-detect organic fluorine (California results after January 1, 2023). |
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Subway (sandwich wrapper) — Non-detect organic fluorine (California result after January 1, 2023). |
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**Sweet Greens (takeout bowl) — 469 ppm organic fluorine (result before January 1, 2023). Sweet Green takeout bowl from California after January 1, 2023 with result of 204 ppm. We reached out to Sweet Greens and told them what we were finding in 2022. Sweet Greens then pulled their bowls nationwide in mid-January 2023 and released new bowls that we rushed to the lab and the results were non-detect. Because we know they changed their bowls nationwide, we are sticking them here to say thank you!** |
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Taco Bell (taco wrapper) — Non-detect organic fluorine (California results before January 1, 2023). |
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The Habit (burger wrapper) — Non-detect organic fluorine, fry box was also non-detect (California results after January 1, 2023). |
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Wendy’s (chicken sandwich wrapper, french fry carton) — Non-detect organic fluorine (California results before January 1, 2023). |
About the Author
Leah Segedie is the President and Founder of Mamavation.com. Mamavation produces award-winning content and independent consumer studies examining the intersection of endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs) and everyday products brought into American households. She’s been referred to by many as “the real FDA.”
Since 2008, Mamavation has been helping everyday moms navigate the grocery store by commissioning consumer studies on food, beverages, personal care products, and other such products and thus democratizing science and testing for everyone.
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